NYC Gazette

Zhengnan Li, a student in the M.S. in Data Analytics and Visualization program, has co-authored a study with Dr. David Li, program director of the data analytics program. The study introduces a new framework for video game design that uses probability to create engaging and varied gameplay experiences.

The study, titled “A Flexible Generalized Probability Core and Quantitative Strategy Analysis for Game Design,” was conducted by researchers at the Katz School’s Graduate Department of Computer Science and Engineering. It will be presented at the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics in January.

In strategy games, the element of surprise is crucial for maintaining player engagement. However, too much randomness can lead to frustration, while too little can make games predictable. The proposed framework aims to strike a balance by using mathematical tools to introduce structured uncertainty into gameplay.

Dr. David Li explained, “To address these challenges, we propose a probability-based framework that gives game designers precise control over randomness.” He noted that the system employs mathematical models like normal distribution to generate levels with unique challenges.

The framework utilizes tools from probability theory such as Probability Density Functions (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Functions (CDF). These tools help determine event likelihoods and set difficulty ramps, allowing designers to fine-tune elements like enemy placement and resource availability.

Zhengnan Li highlighted the importance of transparency in probability-based games: “By using these tools, designers can fine-tune gameplay elements like enemy placement, resource availability or event triggers, ensuring a mix of predictability and surprise.”

The framework has been tested in a prototype that demonstrates its potential to create diverse levels. Although initially designed for strategy games, it has applications across various genres. Future research may explore its use in multiplayer games and AI-driven adjustments for personalized difficulty.

Angela Li from Stony Brook University commented on the broader implications: “Incorporating probability into game design isn’t just about making games harder or more random—it’s about creating a richer, more engaging experience.”